Superior microporous development in teak sawdust-derived activated carbon via N₂ activation for enhanced methylene blue uptake

  • I Gusti Agung Kade Suriadi 
    Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
    Indonesia
  • Dewa Ngakan Ketut Putra Negara
    Doctoral Study Program in Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
    Indonesia
  • Tjokorda Gede Tirta Nindhia
    Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
    Indonesia
  • I Gusti Agung Ketut Chatur Adhi Wirya Aryadi
    Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram
    Indonesia

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of activation atmosphere (N₂ and CO₂) on the physicochemical properties and adsorption performance of teak sawdust-derived activated carbon for methylene blue removal. Carbonization was conducted at 750 °C followed by physical activation at 700 °C with a gas flow rate of 200 mL min⁻¹. Characterization results showed that N₂ activation produced a higher specific surface area and micropore volume compared to CO₂ activation, indicating more dominant microporous development. The N₂-activated sample exhibited superior adsorption uptake toward methylene blue under the tested condition (5 ppm), reaching 13.30 mg g⁻¹, while the CO₂-activated carbon showed lower uptake. The findings suggest that activation atmosphere strongly influences pore evolution and adsorption behavior. However, adsorption performance was evaluated at a single concentration; therefore, further isotherm and kinetic studies are required to determine the true maximum adsorption capacity and adsorption mechanism.

Keywords
  • Activated carbon, Teak sawdust, Nitrogen activation, Carbon dioxide activation, Microporous structure, Methylene blue adsorption
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