Kinetic-chain and perception–action determinants of jump smash accuracy in badminton: a systematic review of strength, power and hand–eye coordination

  • Meytry Altifah
    Universitas Negeri Padang
    Indonesia
  • Eri Barlian 
    Universitas Negeri Padang
    Indonesia
  • Sefri Hardiansyah
    Universitas Negeri Padang
    Indonesia
  • Eval Edmizal
    Universitas Negeri Padang
    Indonesia

Abstract

The jump smash is the most decisive attacking stroke in badminton, yet an integrated account of how arm muscle strength, leg explosive power and hand–eye coordination jointly shape its accuracy is lacking. This systematic review synthesised recent evidence on these determinants, examined their moderators and identified methodological gaps. Following PRISMA 2020, Scopus was searched for 2021–2026 publications; studies were eligible if they involved racket-sport players and related at least one physical or perceptual-motor determinant to a sport-specific performance outcome. Of 76 records identified, 53 full texts were assessed and 44 studies (32 in badminton, involving youth, recreational, university and elite players of both sexes) were included, appraised with the FICO quality framework and analysed through thematic synthesis (descriptive coding, descriptive themes and analytical themes). Upper-limb, particularly shoulder, strength was the most consistent correlate of smash velocity, explaining 57–64% of its variance in young players, and responded to plyometric and low-load occlusion training. Lower-limb power improved reliably with plyometric and neuromuscular training, but its transfer to accuracy was inferred rather than measured. Hand–eye coordination and visuomotor training were associated with the most direct gains in striking accuracy. Neuromuscular and mental fatigue, maturation and sex moderated these relationships. No included study measured all three determinants together with smash accuracy, and the evidence is largely correlational and fragmented. It is therefore consistent with, but does not yet confirm, an integrated kinetic-chain and perception–action model in which strength and power may set the velocity ceiling while visuomotor control appears to govern accurate delivery. This framework is a theoretical synthesis that awaits validation in trials measuring all three determinants and smash accuracy together.

Keywords
  • Badminton,
  • Jump smash accuracy,
  • Upper-limb strength,
  • Lower-limb explosive power,
  • Hand–eye coordination
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